Human Copy Number Variations (hCNVs) are the result of structural genomic rearrangements that result in the duplication or deletion of DNA segments. These changes contribute significantly to human genetic variability, diseases, and somatic genome variations in cancer and other diseases Nam et al. 2015. hCNVs can be routinely investigated by genomic hybridisation and sequencing technologies . There is a range of software tools that can be used to identify and quantify hCNVs. Unfortunately, locating hCNVs is still a challenge in standardising formats for data representation and exchange. Furthermore, the sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and reusability of hCNV detection and analysis research software varies. As a result, there is a need for the adoption of community-developed standards for data discovery and exchange. To address that ELIXIR developed Beacon protocol and for Genomics and Health standards, as well as mechanisms for annotating, benchmarking, creating reproducible and sharable tools and workflows, such as WorkflowHub, Galaxy, and ELIXIR, and, most importantly, accessible training resources and infrastructure.

This tutorial is a modification of a Galaxy Training Network tutorial Somatic variant calling tutorial to provide training on how to preprocess, identify and visualise hCNV regions using Control-FreeC tool using tumor/normal samples pairs.

Agenda

In this tutorial, we will cover:

1. Data Preparation
   1. Get data
2. Quality control and mapping of NGS reads
   1. Quality Control
   2. Read trimming and filtering
   3. Read Mapping
3. Copy Number Variation detection (hCNV).
   1. Mapped reads filtering
   2. Homogenize mapped reads
   3. Filtrate indels
   4. Control_FREEC for hCNV detection
   5. Visualise detected hCNVs
4. Conclusion

Data Preparation

First, start with uploading and preparing the input data to analyze. The sequencing reads used in this analysis are from real-world data from a cancer patient’s tumor and normal tissue samples. For the sake of an acceptable speed of the analysis, the original data has been downsampled though to include only the reads from human chromosomes 5, 12 and 17.

Get data

Hands-on: Data upload

1. For this tutorial, make a new history.

   Tip: Creating a new history

   Click the new-history icon at the top of the history panel:

   

   Tip: Renaming a history

   1. Click on galaxy-pencil (Edit) next to the history name (which by default is “Unnamed history”)
   2. Type the new name
   3. Click on Save

   If you do not have the galaxy-pencil (Edit) next to the history name:

   1. Click on Unnamed history (or the current name of the history) (Click to rename history) at the top of your history panel
   2. Type the new name
   3. Press Enter

2. Import the data files from Zenodo:

   https://zenodo.org/record/2582555/files/SLGFSK-N_231335_r1_chr5_12_17.fastq.gz
   https://zenodo.org/record/2582555/files/SLGFSK-N_231335_r2_chr5_12_17.fastq.gz
   https://zenodo.org/record/2582555/files/SLGFSK-T_231336_r1_chr5_12_17.fastq.gz
   https://zenodo.org/record/2582555/files/SLGFSK-T_231336_r2_chr5_12_17.fastq.gz
   

   This will download four sequenced files ordered as: The first two files are for the forward and the reverse reads for the sample normal tissue sequence. The other two belong to the tumor reads.

   In some cases the same dataset can be found in the Galaxy shared data library. Ask the instructor for more details about this.

   The dat aset can also be downloaded a local storage.

   Tip: Importing via links

   • Copy the link location

   • Click galaxy-upload Upload Data at the top of the tool panel

   • Select galaxy-wf-edit Paste/Fetch Data

   • Paste the link(s) into the text field

   • Change Type (set all): from “Auto-detect” to fastqsanger.gz

   • Press Start

   • Close the window

   Tip: Importing data from a data library

   As an alternative to uploading the data from a URL or your computer, the files may also have been made available from a shared data library:

   1. Go into Shared data (top panel) then Data libraries
   2. Navigate to the correct folder as indicated by your instructor.
      • On most Galaxies tutorial data will be provided in a folder named GTN - Material –> Topic Name -> Tutorial Name.
   3. Select the desired files
   4. Click on Add to History galaxy-dropdown near the top and select as Datasets from the dropdown menu

   5. In the pop-up window, choose

      • “Select history”: the history you want to import the data to (or create a new one)
   6. Click on Import

3. Make sure to upload the sequences in fastaq format. Look at the history and check if the created datasets have their data types assigned correctly with two reads for the tumor tissues and two reads for the normal tissues. If not, fix any missing or wrong data type assignments.

   Tip: Changing the datatype

   • Click on the galaxy-pencil pencil icon for the dataset to edit its attributes
   • In the central panel, click galaxy-chart-select-data Datatypes tab on the top
   • In the galaxy-chart-select-data Assign Datatype, select fastqsanger.gz from “New type” dropdown
     • Tip: you can start typing the datatype into the field to filter the dropdown menu
   • Click the Save button

4. Give the data meaningful names and tags to facilitate analysis.

   When uploading data from a link, Galaxy names the files after the link address. It might be useful to change or modify the name to something more meaningful.

   Tip: Renaming a dataset

   • Click on the galaxy-pencil pencil icon for the dataset to edit its attributes
   • In the central panel, change the Name field
   • Click the Save button

5. This tutorial has a set of shared steps performed on the data. To track the data in the history, it is recommended to tag the datasets by attaching a meaningful tag ‘#’ to them. The tagging will automatically be attached to any file generated from the original tagged dataset. e.g., #normal for normal tissue datasets (with -N_ in the name) and e.g., #tumor for tumor dataset (with -T_ in the name).

   Tip: Adding a tag

   1. Click on the dataset to expand it
   2. Click on Add Tags galaxy-tags
   3. Add a tag starting with #
      • Tags starting with # will be automatically propagated to the outputs of tools using this dataset.
   4. Press Enter
   5. Check that the tag appears below the dataset name

Quality control and mapping of NGS reads

The data was obtained following a series of laboratory procedures, including DNA preparation, extraction, and sequencing, which means there is a possibility of errors occurring during those steps, which could affect data quality. To address that, it is necessary to test the quality of the fastq reads. The data quality needs to be within an acceptable range before looking for hCNVs. The low-quality data can lead us to false results. To detect low-quality data, preprocessing step is required to trim or discard the low-quality reads before proceeding with the mapping and hCNV detection steps.

Comment: More on quality control and mapping

To read more about quality control this is tutorial on Galaxy training network Quality Control For mapping Mapping

Quality Control

Hands-on: Quality control of the input datasets

1. Run FastQC ( Galaxy version 0.72+galaxy1) on the fastq datasets
   • param-files “Short read data from the current history”: all 4 FASTQ datasets selected with Multiple datasets

   Tip: Select multiple datasets

   1. Click on param-files Multiple datasets
   2. Select several files by keeping the Ctrl (or COMMAND) key pressed and clicking on the files of interest

   This job will generate eight new datasets to the history. To parse the quality results view the html report of each dataset.

   For the next step use the raw data fidings from FastQC.

2. Use MultiQC ( Galaxy version 1.8+galaxy0) to aggregate the raw FastQC data of all four input datasets into one report
   • In “Results”
     • “Which tool was used generate logs?”: FastQC
     • In “FastQC output”
       • “Type of FastQC output?”: Raw data
       • param-files “FastQC output”: all four RawData outputs of FastQC tool)

3. Inspect the Webpage output produced by the tool

   Question

   What do you feel about the sequence’s overall quality?

   Open image in new tab
   
   

   Open image in new tab
   
   

   Solution

   1. The forwards and reversed reads show good quality, , with no major issues discovered discovered during the preparation process..

   2. TThe GC content plots for the samples’ forward and reverse reads show an unusual bimodal distribution.

      The unnormal distribution of the GC content of reads from a sample is usually interpreted as a sign of possible contamination. However, we are dealing with sequencing data from captured exomes, which means that the reads do not represent random sequences from a genome. They rather represent an arbitrary selection. Indeed, the samples were prepared using Agilent’s SureSelect V5 technology for exome enrichment, and bimodal GC content distributions have been identified as a hallmark of that capture method for example, see Fig. 4C in Meienberg et al. 2015.

Read trimming and filtering

As previously demonstrated, The data have relatively high-quality sequenced reads. However, the aim is to detect clear reads for hCNVs and will use a trimming step to see if the analysis can be improved.

Hands-on: Read trimming and filtering of the normal tissue reads

1. Run Trimmomatic ( Galaxy version 0.36.5) to trim and filter the normal tissue reads

   • “Single-end or paired-end reads?”: Paired-end (two separate input files)

     This makes the tool treat the forward and reverse reads simultaneously.

     • param-file “Input FASTQ file (R1/first of pair)”: the forward reads (r1) dataset of the normal tissue sample
     • param-file “Input FASTQ file (R2/second of pair)”: the reverse reads (r2) dataset of the normal tissue sample
   • “Perform initial ILLUMINACLIP step?”: Yes
     • “Select standard adapter sequences or provide custom?”: Standard
     • “Adapter sequences to use”: TruSeq3 (paired-ended, for MiSeq and HiSeq)
     • “Maximum mismatch count which will still allow a full match to be performed”: 2
     • “How accurate the match between the two ‘adapter ligated’ reads must be for PE palindrome read alignment”: 30
     • “How accurate the match between any adapter etc. sequence must be against a read”: 10
     • “Minimum length of adapter that needs to be detected (PE specific/ palindrome mode)”: 8
     • “Always keep both reads (PE specific/palindrome mode)?”: Yes

     These parameters are used to cut ILLUMINA-specific adapter sequences from the reads.

   • “Trimmomatic Operation”
     • “Select Trimmomatic operation to perform”: Cut the specified number of bases from the start of the read (HEADCROP)
     • “Number of bases to remove from the start of the read”: 3
     • param-repeat “Insert Trimmomatic Operation”*
       • “Select Trimmomatic operation to perform”: Cut bases off the end of a read, if below a threshold quality (TRAILING)
       • “Minimum quality required to keep a base”: 10
     • param-repeat “Insert Trimmomatic Operation”*
       • “Select Trimmomatic operation to perform”: Drop reads below a specified length (MINLEN)
       • “Minimum quality required to keep a base”: 25

This step will creates four files in the history. The sizes of those two files vary depending on the original data quality and trimming intensity. The first two files are for mated forward and reverse reads, respectively. The other two are for unmated reads as a result of excessive trimming. However, because of the high average data quality, there was no need to perform excessive trimming by selecting the previous three trimming conditions, so those files should be empty. Those files can be heden to keep the history cleaner.

Details: Keeping attention on the data type

Track whether the reads are paired or unpaired, and remember to include them in any tool to be used. The reason is that there are some tools, such as read mappers, that expect reads to be in a specific order and having unmapped reads can result in significant.

Hands-on: Read trimming and filtering of the tumor tissue reads

1. repeat the previous step for tumor tissue reads following the same steps as above.

Hands-on: Exercise: Quality control of the polished datasets

Use FastQC ( Galaxy version 0.72+galaxy1) and MultiQC ( Galaxy version 1.8+galaxy0) like before, but using the four trimmed datasets produced by Trimmomatic as input.

Question

Is there any difference between the reads before and after the trimming?

Open image in new tab

Open image in new tab

Solution

The quality of the data is good, so trimming them didn’t lead to dramatic changes. However, we can point out that some of the adapters were removed.

Read Mapping

Hands-on: Read Mapping

1. Use Map with BWA-MEM ( Galaxy version 0.7.17.1) to map the reads from the normal tissue sample to the reference genome
   • “Will you select a reference genome from your history or use a built-in index?”: Use a built-in genome index
     • “Using reference genome”: Human: hg19 (or a similarly named option)

     Comment: Using the imported `hg19` sequence

     If you have imported the hg19 sequence as a fasta dataset into your history instead:

     • “Will you select a reference genome from your history or use a built-in index?”: Use a genome from history and build index
       • param-file “Use the following dataset as the reference sequence”: your imported hg19 fasta dataset.

   • “Single or Paired-end reads”: Paired
     • param-file “Select first set of reads”: the trimmed forward reads (r1) dataset of the normal tissue sample; output of Trimmomatic tool
     • param-file “Select second set of reads”: the trimmed reverse reads (r2) dataset of the normal tissue sample; output of Trimmomatic tool
   • “Set read groups information?”: Set read groups (SAM/BAM specification)
     • “Auto-assign”: No
       • “Read group identifier (ID)”: Not available.
     • “Auto-assign”: No
       • “Read group sample name (SM)”: Not available.
     • “Platform/technology used to produce the reads (PL)”: ILLUNINA
     • “Select analysis mode”: Simple illumina mode

   Comment: More on read group identifiers and sample names

   In general, we can choose our own ID and SM values, but the ID should unambiguously identify the sequencing run that produced the reads, while the SM value should identify the biological sample.

1. Use Map with BWA-MEM ( Galaxy version 0.7.17.1) to map the reads from the tumor tissue sample
   • “Will you select a reference genome from your history or use a built-in index?”: Use a built-in genome index
     • “Using reference genome”: Human: hg19 (or a similarly named option)

     Adjust these settings as before in case of using imported reference genome.

   • “Single or Paired-end reads”: Paired
     • param-file “Select first set of reads”: the trimmed forward reads (r1) dataset of the tumor tissue sample; output of Trimmomatic tool
     • param-file “Select second set of reads”: the reverse reads (r2) dataset of the tumor tissue sample; output of Trimmomatic tool
   • “Set read groups information?”: Set read groups (SAM/BAM specification)
     • “Auto-assign”: No
       • “Read group identifier (ID)”: Not available.
     • “Auto-assign”: No
       • “Read group sample name (SM)”: Not available.
     • “Platform/technology used to produce the reads (PL)”: ILLUNINA
     • “Select analysis mode”: Simple illumina mode

Name the created list as Mapping-lsit

Copy Number Variation detection (hCNV).

After the mapping step, the data are ready to the hCNV detection step. This tutorial focuses on the Control-FreeC tool as a method for hCNV identification:

• Identifies variant alleles in tumor/normal pair samples.
• Visualize the hCNV using the Circos tool.

Mapped reads filtering

The remaining data preprocessing until the Control-FreeC step is the same for Normal and Tumor reads. Create a data collection to include those two files.

Hands-on: Filtrate the mapped reads

1. Use Build list to creat a list from the maped reads of the normal tissue and tumor tissue
   • param-file “Dataset”: Insert dataset
     • “Input dataset”: The output of map with BWA-MEM for normal tissue
   • param-file “Dataset”: Insert dataset
     • “Input dataset”: The output of map with BWA-MEM for cancer tissue
2. Run Create text file ( Galaxy version 1.1.0) with the following parameters
   • “Characters to insert”: normal reads
   • “Specify the number of iterations by”: User defined number
   • “How many times?”: 1
   • param-repeat “Insert selection”*
   • “Characters to insert”: tumor reads
   • “Specify the number of iterations by”: User defined number
   • “How many times?”: 1 - This will create a text file with only two lines normal reads and tumor reads
3. Run Relabel identifiers with the following parameters
   • param-collection “Input Collection”: the creat a list from Build lsit tool.
   • “How should the new labels be specified?”: Using lines in a simple text file.
   • “New Identifiers”: The outcom from Create txt file tool
   • “Ensure strict mapping”: False

• Make sure to use the same files order for the both of Build list tool and Creat text file.

It is essential to filtrate the reads before the mapping step. It is also required to filtrate the reads after. The preprocessing step works by filtrating the mapped reads by removing the low-quality regions and the duplicated reads. This step is needed to reduce the running time and in results interpretation.

Hands-on: Data filtration and Remove duplicates

1. Run Samtools view ( Galaxy version 1.9+galaxy3) with the following parameters
   • param-collection “SAM/BAM/CRAM dataset”: The outpot of Relabel identifiers dataset cpllection.
   • “What would you like to look at?”: A filtered/subsampled selection of reads
   • “Configure filters:”:
   • “Filter by quality”: 1
   • “Exclude reads with any of the following flags set”: Read is unmapped Mate is unmapped - Produce extra dataset with dropped reads?”: False - “Output format”: BAM (-b) - “Reference data”: No

   Tip: Selecting a dataset collection as input

   1. Click on param-collection Dataset collection in front of the input parameter you want to supply the collection to.
   2. Select the collection you want to use from the list

2. Run RmDup ( Galaxy version 2.0.1) with the following parameters
   • param-collection “BAM File”: The outpot of Samtools view
   • “Is this paired-end or single end data”: BAM is paired-end
   • “Treat as single-end”: False

Homogenize mapped reads

To detect hCNVs expression accurately. The reads must go through the lift alignment process. Lift Alignment works by shifting reads that contain indels to the left of a reference genome until they can not be shifted anymore. As a result, it will only extract reads with indels, with no false reads (reads that mismatch with the reference genome other than the indels).

Hands-on: Homogenize the positional distributed indels

1. Run BamLeftAlign ( Galaxy version 1.3.1) with the following parameters
   • “Choose the source for the reference genome”: Locally cached
   • param-collection “Select alignment file in BAM format”: The outpot of tool RmDup.
   • “Using reference genome”: hg19
   • “Maximum number of iterations”: 5
2. Run Samtools calmd ( Galaxy version 2.0.2) with the following parameters
   • param-collection “BAM file to recalculate”: The outpot of BamLeftAlign.
   • “Choose the source for the reference genome”: Use a built-in genome
   • “Using reference genome”: hg19
   • “Do you also want BAQ (Base Alignment Quality) scores to be calculated?”: No
   • “Additional options”: Advanced options
   • “Change identical bases to ‘=’“: False
   • “Coefficient to cap mapping quality of poorly mapped reads”: 50

After the Homogenizing step, it is now to extract the reads which hold indels from the mapped reads.

Filtrate indels

Hands-on: Filtrate the indels reads

1. Run Samtools view ( Galaxy version 1.9+galaxy3) with the following parameters
   • param-collection “BAM file to recalculate”: The outpot of Samtools CalMD.
   • “What would you like to look at?”: Just the input header (-H)
   • “What would you like to have reported?”: The header in ...
   • “Output format”: SAM
   • “Reference data”: No, see help (-output-fmt-option no_ref)
2. Run Select with the following parameters
   • param-collection “Select lines from”: The outpot of Samtools view.
   • “that”: Matching
   • “the pattern”: ^@SQ\tSN:(chr[0-9]+|chrM|chrX|chrY)\tLN:[0-9]+
   • “Keep header line”: False
3. Run Replace Text in entire line ( Galaxy version 1.1.2) with the following parameters:
   • param-collection “Select lines from”: The output of Select
   • “pattern”: ^@SQ\tSN:(chr[0-9]+|chrM|chrX|chrY)\tLN:([0-9]+)
   • “Replace with”: \1\t0\t\2

   This step will generate a data collection folder with two files inside. Change the datatype for the files inside it to BED format.

   Tip: Changing the datatype

   • Click on the galaxy-pencil pencil icon for the dataset to edit its attributes
   • In the central panel, click galaxy-chart-select-data Datatypes tab on the top
   • In the galaxy-chart-select-data Assign Datatype, select your desired datatype from “New type” dropdown
     • Tip: you can start typing the datatype into the field to filter the dropdown menu
   • Click the Save button

4. Run Samtools view ( Galaxy version 1.9+galaxy3) with the following parameters
   • param-collection “SAM/BAM/CRAM data set”: The outpot of CalMD.
   • “What would you like to look at?”: A filtered/subsampled selection of reads
   • Configure filters
   • “Filter by quality”: 255
   • What would you like to have reported?”: Reads dropped during filtering and subsampling
   • Produce extra dataset with dropped reads?”: False
   • “Output format”: BAM (-b)
   • “Reference data”: No
5. Run Samtools view ( Galaxy version 1.9+galaxy3) with the following parameters
   • param-collection “SAM/BAM/CRAM data set”: The outpot of Samtools view.
   • “What would you like to look at?”: A filtered/subsampled selection of reads
   • “Configure filters”
   • “Filter by regions:”: Regions from BED file
   • param-collection “Filter by intervals in a bed file:”: The outpot of ` Replace Text` BED format.
   • “Filter by readgroup”: NO
   • “Filter by quality”: 1
   • Produce extra dataset with dropped reads?”: False
   • “Output format”: BAM (-b)
   • “Reference data”:No

Hands-on: Extract files form list

extract the files from the list to handel them separitly

1. Run Extract Dataset with the following parameters:
   • param-collection “Input List”: The outpot of Samtools view.
   • “How should a dataset be selected?”: Select by element identifier
   • “Element identifier:”: tumor reads
2. Run Extract Dataset with the following parameters:
   • param-collection “Input List”: The outpot of Samtools view.
   • “How should a dataset be selected?”: Select by element identifier
   • “Element identifier:”: normal reads

Control_FREEC for hCNV detection

The data are now ready to detect hCNV. Control-FREEC detects copy-number alterations and allelic imbalances (including loss of heterozygosity; LOH) by automatically computing, normalising, and segmenting copy number profile and beta allele frequency (BAF) profile, and then calling copy number alterations and LOH. Control-FREEC differentiates between somatic and germline variants. Based on those profiles. The control reads display the gene status for each segment.

Open image in new tab

Comment: More on control_FREEC and hCNVs detection

Control-freec works by:

1. Annotating genomic changes and heterozygosity loss in the sample dataset.
2. Distinguishes between germline and somatic variants by creating copy number profile and BAF profile.
3. Employs the information in those profiles to detect copy number changes in sample reads.

Question

Can you expect the essential factors that afflict hCNVs detection?

Solution

1. Coverage bias in reads Changes in reading mobility and GC content may favour the duplication of specific reads over others.
2. Bias in reading alignment Because normal cells have higher read coverage than allelic reads during alignment, they may be classified as noise findings.
3. Normal cell contamination The presence of normal cells within tumour cells can have an impact on the construction of a tumour genome’s copy number profile.

Hands-on: Detection of copy-number changes

1. Import the DED file for the captured reagions from Zenodo:

   https://zenodo.org/record/5697358/files/capture_targets_chr5_12_17.bed
   

2. Run Control-FREEC ( Galaxy version 11.6+galaxy1) with the following parameters

   • “Select the sequencing method of the input file(s)?”: whole-exome sequencing (WES)
   • param-file “Sample file”: The outpot of Extract Dataset (cancer reads)
   • param-file “Control file”: The outpot of Extract Dataset (normal reads)
   • param-file “BED file with capture regions”: chr 5, 7, 12 capture reagions **Input file**
   • “Format of reads”: Illumina paired-end (FR)

• “Advanced WES settings:”:
  • “Degree of polynomial:”: control-read-count-based normalization, WES (1)
  • “Read Count (RC) correction for GC-content bias and low mappability:”: normalize the sample and the control RC using GC-content and then calculate the ratio "Sample RC/contol RC" (1)
  • “Minimal number of consecutive windows to call a CNA”: WES (3)
  • “Segmentation of normalized profiles (break point)”: 1.2
  • “Desired behavior in the ambiguous regions”-1” “: make a separate fragment of this "unknown" region and do not assign any copy number to this region at all (4)
  • “Adjust sample contamination?”: True
  • “Sample contamination by normal cells”: 0.30000000000000004
  • “Intercept of polynomial”: with GC-content (1)
  • “Sample sex”: XX
• “Choose the source for the reference genome”: Locally cached
• “Reference genome”: hg19
• “Outputs:”:
  • “BedGraph Output for UCSC genome browser”: False
  • “Visualize normalized copy number profile with predicted CNAs”: True
  • “2D data track file for Circos”: True

Question

In your opinion, what are the challenges in hCNVs detection?

Solution

1. The bias in Reads coverage changes in reads mobility and GC content can lead to favouring the duplication of specific reads over others.
2. The bias in reads alignment. Normal cells’ reads coverage is higher than the allelic reads, for that the allelic reads some times expressed as noise findings
3. Contamination with normal cells The availability of normal cells within tumor cells can effect on the construction of the copy number profile of a tumor genome

Visualise detected hCNVs

Cicros demonstrates the relationship and the positions of different objects with an appealing, high quality and illustrative multilayers circular plot. Circos gives the user flexibility to present the link between their data at a high rate by providing the ability to control the features and elements in creating the plot. Circos visualise the genomic alterations in genome structure and the relationships between the genomic intervals Krzywinski, Schein et al. 2009.

Hands-on: Visualise the hCNV findings

1. Run Circos ( Galaxy version 0.69.8+galaxy7) with the following parameters
   • “Reference Genome Source”: Custom Karyotype
   • param-file “Sample file”: The outpot of Output dataset out_chr_sorted_circos from control freec
   • “Ideogram:”:
   • Spacing Between Ideograms (in chromosome units)”: 3.0
   • “Radius”: 0.8
   • “Thickness”: 45.0
   • “Labels:”:
     • “Radius”: 0.01
     • “Label Font Size”: 40
   • “Cytogenic Bands:”:
     • “Band Stroke Color”: Black
   • “2D Data Tracks:”:
     • galaxy-wf-new “Insert 2D Data Plot”*
       • “Outside Radius”: 0.95
       • “Plot Type”: Scatter
       • param-file “Scatter Plot Data Source”: Output dataset 'out_ratio_log2_circos' from Control-FreeC
       • “Plot Format Specific Options:”:
         • “Glyph”: Circle
         • “Glyph Size”: 4
         • “Fill Color”: Gray
         • “Stroke Color”: Black
         • “Stroke Thickness”: 0
       • “Rules:”:
         • galaxy-wf-new “Insert Rule”:
           • galaxy-wf-new “Insert Conditions to Apply”
             • “Condition”: Based on value (ONLY for scatter/histogram/heatmap/line)
             • “Points above this value”: 0.0
           • galaxy-wf-new “Insert Actions to Apply”
             • “Action”: Change Fill Color for all points
             • “Fill Color”: Red
           • “Continue flow”: False
         • param-repeat “Insert Rule”:
           • galaxy-wf-new “Insert Conditions to Apply”:
             • “Condition”: Based on value (ONLY for scatter/histogram/heatmap/line)
             • “Points below this value”: 0.0
           • galaxy-wf-new “Insert Actions to ApplyInsert Actions to Apply”:
             • “Action”: Change Fill Color for all points
             • “Fill Color”: Blue
           • “Continue flow”: False
       • In“Axes:”:
       • galaxy-wf-new “Insert Conditions to Apply”
         • “Radial Position”: Absolute position (values match data values)
         • “Spacing”: 1.0
         • “y0”: -4.0
         • “y1”: 4.0
         • “Color”: Gray
         • “Color Transparency”: 1.0
         • “Thickness”: 2
       • “When to show”: Always
         • “Limits:”:
   • “Maximum number of links to draw”: 2500000
   • “Maximum number of points per track”: 2500000

Question

Can you interpret generated plot from the Circos tool?

Open image in new tab

Open image in new tab

Solution

The outermost circle represents the targeted chromosomes. The inner circle shows the copy number changes in those regions.

The inner circle has two parts. The deletion-related variations are the red dots directed to the centre (below the centre line), while the amplificated variations are the green dots pointed out of the center (toward chromosomes).

Conclusion

In this tutorial, we introduced Contol-FreeC as an alternative tool for detecting hCNVs and highlighted the steps for preparing reads and analysis.

Key points

• Follow best practices for read mapping, quality control and mapped reads postprocessing to minimize false-positive hCNVs.

Frequently Asked Questions

Useful literature

Further information, including links to documentation and original publications, regarding the tools, analysis techniques and the interpretation of results described in this tutorial can be found here.

References

1. Meienberg, J., K. Zerjavic, I. Keller, M. Okoniewski, A. Patrignani et al., 2015 New insights into the performance of human whole-exome capture platforms. Nucleic Acids Research 43: e76–e76. 10.1093/nar/gkv216
2. Nam, J.-Y., N. K. D. Kim, S. C. Kim, J.-G. Joung, R. Xi et al., 2015 Evaluation of somatic copy number estimation tools for whole-exome sequencing data. Briefings in Bioinformatics 17: 185–192. 10.1093/bib/bbv055
3. Beacon, E. L. I. X. I. R. A Driver Project of the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health GA4GH and supported through ELIXIR. https://beacon-project.io/
4. ELIXIR The ELIXIR gateway to benchmarking communities, software monitoring, and quality metrics for life sciences tools and workflows. https://openebench.bsc.es/
5. WorkflowHub WorkflowHub is a registry for describing, sharing and publishing scientific computational workflows. https://workflowhub.eu/
6. Genomics, G. A. for, and Health GA4GH Work Streams develop standards and tools that are founded on the Framework for Responsible Sharing of Genomic and Health-Related Data. Their work is designed to enable international genomic data sharing based on the specific needs of clinical and research Driver Projects — real-world genomic data initiatives sourced from around the globe. https://www.ga4gh.org/

Feedback

Did you use this material as an instructor? Feel free to give us feedback on how it went.
Did you use this material as a learner or student? Click the form below to leave feedback.

Citing this Tutorial

1. Khaled Jum'ah, Katarzyna Kamieniecka, Wolfgang Maier, David Salgado, Krzysztof Poterlowicz, Somatic Variant Discovery from WES Data Using Control-FREEC (Galaxy Training Materials). https://training.galaxyproject.org/training-material/topics/variant-analysis/tutorials/somatic-variant-discovery/tutorial.html Online; accessed TODAY
2. Hiltemann, Saskia, Rasche, Helena et al., 2023 Galaxy Training: A Powerful Framework for Teaching! PLOS Computational Biology 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010752
3. Batut et al., 2018 Community-Driven Data Analysis Training for Biology Cell Systems 10.1016/j.cels.2018.05.012

BibTeX

@misc{variant-analysis-somatic-variant-discovery,
author = "Khaled Jum'ah and Katarzyna Kamieniecka and Wolfgang Maier and David Salgado and Krzysztof Poterlowicz",
	title = "Somatic Variant Discovery from WES Data Using Control-FREEC (Galaxy Training Materials)",
	year = "",
	month = "",
	day = ""
	url = "\url{https://training.galaxyproject.org/training-material/topics/variant-analysis/tutorials/somatic-variant-discovery/tutorial.html}",
	note = "[Online; accessed TODAY]"
}
@article{Hiltemann_2023,
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010752},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1010752},
	year = 2023,
	month = {jan},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science ({PLoS})},
	volume = {19},
	number = {1},
	pages = {e1010752},
	author = {Saskia Hiltemann and Helena Rasche and Simon Gladman and Hans-Rudolf Hotz and Delphine Larivi{\`{e}}re and Daniel Blankenberg and Pratik D. Jagtap and Thomas Wollmann and Anthony Bretaudeau and Nadia Gou{\'{e}} and Timothy J. Griffin and Coline Royaux and Yvan Le Bras and Subina Mehta and Anna Syme and Frederik Coppens and Bert Droesbeke and Nicola Soranzo and Wendi Bacon and Fotis Psomopoulos and Crist{\'{o}}bal Gallardo-Alba and John Davis and Melanie Christine Föll and Matthias Fahrner and Maria A. Doyle and Beatriz Serrano-Solano and Anne Claire Fouilloux and Peter van Heusden and Wolfgang Maier and Dave Clements and Florian Heyl and Björn Grüning and B{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}nice Batut and},
	editor = {Francis Ouellette},
	title = {Galaxy Training: A powerful framework for teaching!},
	journal = {PLoS Comput Biol} Computational Biology}
}

                   

Galaxy Administrators: Install the missing tools

You can use Ephemeris's shed-tools install command to install the tools used in this tutorial.

shed-tools install [-g GALAXY] [-a API_KEY] -t <(curl https://training.galaxyproject.org/training-material/api/topics/variant-analysis/tutorials/somatic-variant-discovery/tutorial.json | jq .admin_install_yaml -r)

Alternatively you can copy and paste the following YAML

---
install_tool_dependencies: true
install_repository_dependencies: true
install_resolver_dependencies: true
tools:
- name: text_processing
  owner: bgruening
  revisions: d698c222f354
  tool_panel_section_label: Text Manipulation
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: text_processing
  owner: bgruening
  revisions: d698c222f354
  tool_panel_section_label: Text Manipulation
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: bwa
  owner: devteam
  revisions: 3fe632431b68
  tool_panel_section_label: Mapping
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: bwa
  owner: devteam
  revisions: e188dc7a68e6
  tool_panel_section_label: Mapping
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: fastqc
  owner: devteam
  revisions: e7b2202befea
  tool_panel_section_label: FASTA/FASTQ
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: fastqc
  owner: devteam
  revisions: 5ec9f6bceaee
  tool_panel_section_label: FASTA/FASTQ
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: freebayes
  owner: devteam
  revisions: 57def2d7c093
  tool_panel_section_label: Variant Calling
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: freebayes
  owner: devteam
  revisions: a5937157062f
  tool_panel_section_label: Variant Calling
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: samtools_calmd
  owner: devteam
  revisions: 06dc50b7b711
  tool_panel_section_label: SAM/BAM
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: samtools_calmd
  owner: devteam
  revisions: 92ec40abcdcf
  tool_panel_section_label: SAM/BAM
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: samtools_rmdup
  owner: devteam
  revisions: 586f9e1cdb2b
  tool_panel_section_label: SAM/BAM
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: circos
  owner: iuc
  revisions: df7356989ac1
  tool_panel_section_label: Graph/Display Data
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: circos
  owner: iuc
  revisions: 31a35811dda6
  tool_panel_section_label: Graph/Display Data
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: control_freec
  owner: iuc
  revisions: 2c6349fb175c
  tool_panel_section_label: Variant Calling
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: control_freec
  owner: iuc
  revisions: f923c54a17ee
  tool_panel_section_label: Variant Calling
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: multiqc
  owner: iuc
  revisions: abfd8a6544d7
  tool_panel_section_label: Quality Control
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: multiqc
  owner: iuc
  revisions: bf675f34b056
  tool_panel_section_label: Quality Control
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: samtools_view
  owner: iuc
  revisions: 5826298f6a73
  tool_panel_section_label: SAM/BAM
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: samtools_view
  owner: iuc
  revisions: b72793637686
  tool_panel_section_label: SAM/BAM
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: trimmomatic
  owner: pjbriggs
  revisions: dfa082f84068
  tool_panel_section_label: FASTA/FASTQ
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/
- name: trimmomatic
  owner: pjbriggs
  revisions: 32f1f56bd970
  tool_panel_section_label: FASTA/FASTQ
  tool_shed_url: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/

Feedback

3 stars	1