A brief history of modern biology

name: inverse
layout: true
class: center, middle, inverse

</span></div>

</span></div>

---

# A brief history of modern biology

<div class="contributors-line">
		
	
<ul class="text-list">
			
			<li>
				<a href="/training-material/hall-of-fame/nekrut/" class="contributor-badge contributor-nekrut"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/nekrut?s=36" alt="Anton Nekrutenko avatar" width="36" class="avatar" />
    Anton Nekrutenko</a></li>
</ul>

</div>

<div class="footnote" style="bottom: 8em;">
  <i class="far fa-calendar" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visually-hidden">last_modification</span> Updated:   
  <i class="fas fa-fingerprint" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visually-hidden">purl</span><abbr title="Persistent URL">PURL</abbr>: <a href="https://gxy.io/GTN:S00113">gxy.io/GTN:S00113</a>
</div>

<div class="footnote" style="bottom: 5em;">

<i class="fas fa-file-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visually-hidden">text-document</span><a href="slides-plain.html"> Plain-text slides</a> |

</div>

<div class="footnote" style="bottom: 2em;">
    <strong>Tip: </strong>press <kbd>P</kbd> to view the presenter notes
    | <i class="fa fa-arrows" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visually-hidden">arrow-keys</span> Use arrow keys to move between slides

</div>

???
Presenter notes contain extra information which might be useful if you intend to use these slides for teaching.

Press `P` again to switch presenter notes off

Press `C` to create a new window where the same presentation will be displayed.
This window is linked to the main window. Changing slides on one will cause the
slide to change on the other.

Useful when presenting.

---

# Charles Darwin
.center[The fabric of biology: 1809 - 1882]

![Darwin](./images/darwin.png)

Provisional theory of pangenesis. All sperm, egg, buds consisted of multitude of gemmules given off by “ *each separate atom of the organism* ”.

---

# Francis Galton
.center[Experimental validation: 1822 - 1911]

![Galton](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg/453px-Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg)

Blood transfusion in rabbits produces no evidence to support provisional theory of pangenesis.

---

# Darwin gets pissed

![Darwin letter to Nature](./images/darwin_nature.png)

---

# Gregor Johann Mendel

.center[Quantifiable heredity: 1822 - 1884]

.pull-left[
![Mendel](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg/442px-Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg)
]

.pull_right[
- Born in Austro-Hungarian Empire (1822)
- Admitted at the Augustinian monastery in Brno (1843)
- Studies in Vienna with Doppler, Ettinghausen, Redtenbacher, Fenzl, and Unger (1851 - 1853)
- Teaches at the Monastery (1853 - 1868)
- Grows 28,000 plants and analyzed seven pairs of traits
]

---

# Mendel gets lucky

![Mendel results](./images/mendel_results.png)

.footnote[(From [Magner 2002](https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0824708245))]

---

![Mendel cartoon](./images/mendel_cartoon.png)

.footnote[(From [Gonick Wheelis 1991](https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780062730992))]

---

# Perhaps too lucky

![Mendel re-examination](./images/mendel_reexamination.png)

.footnote[(From [Sturtevant 2001](https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780879696078))]

---

# deVreis/Correns/Tschemak

.center[The Rediscovery]

![DCT](./images/dct.png)

---

# Meanwhile chromosomal theory evolves

.center[

- Species have a constant number of chromosomes
- Equal numbers come from egg and sperm
- Reduction is accomplished by divisions
- Chromosomes are bearers of hereditary material

]

---

# The fly room

.center[

Morgan/Sturtevant/Bridges/Muller

- Chromosomes contain hereditary information
- Genes are linearly distributed along chromosome
- Gene is a unit of information
- Gene can define characteristics such as eye color, wing shape etc.

]

---

# Academic competition!

![Muller Scribble](./images/muller_scribble.png)

.footnote[(From [Carson 2004](https://www.amazon.com/Elof-Axel-Carlson-Classical-2004-03-13/dp/B00DJ4VBXY))]

---

# But what is the carrier of information?

---

# The Church of Phage

---

# Delbrück, Luria, Hershey

![dlh](./images/dlh.png)

NP 1969: " *discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses* "

---

# Luria Delbrück Experiment

![Fluctuation test](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Luria-delbruck_diagram.svg/459px-Luria-delbruck_diagram.svg.png)

---

# Hershey-Chase experiment

.pull-left[
![Hershey and Chase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Scientist_Alfred_Hershey_and_Martha_Chase.jpg/754px-Scientist_Alfred_Hershey_and_Martha_Chase.jpg)
]

.pull-right[
![Hershey-Chase experiment](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hershey_Chase_experiment.png/758px-Hershey_Chase_experiment.png)
]

---

# Lederberg-Tatum experiment

Genetic recombination in *E. coli*

![Lederberg-Tatum Experiment](./images/lt.png)

---

# Blender again!

![Genetic distance in bacteria](./images/blender.png)

---

# DNA

- **Crick, Franklin, Watson, Wilkins** | the structure of DNA
- **Meselson, Stahl** | semiconservative replication
- **Ochoa, Kornberg** | enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acids
- **Holley, Nirenberg, Khorana** | the code

---

# Crick, Franklin, Watson, Wilkins

DNA is an antiparallel double helix

![Crick, Franklin, Watson, Wilkins](./images/cfww.png)

---

![Three papers](./images/three_papers.png)

---

# Meselson, Stahl

DNA replication is semiconservative

![Meselson, Stahl](./images/ms.png)

---

# Meselson-Stahl experiment

CsCl gradient centrifugation

![Meselson, Stahl experiment 1](./images/ms1.png)

---

![Meselson, Stahl experiment 2](./images/ms2.png)

---

# Gene function

- **Lwoff, Jacob, Monod** | genetic map and gene regulation
- **Beadle, Tatum** | one gene = one protein
- **Pauling, Ingram** | molecular disease

---

# Lwoff, Jacob, Monod

Lysogeny, prophage, genetic maps, gene regulation

![Lwoff, Jacob, Monod](./images/ljm.png)

---

![Regulation](./images/reg.png)

---

# Reverse Transcription, Recombinant Age

- **Temin, Baltimore** | reverse transcription
- **Cohen, Boyer** | recombinant methodologies
- **Berg** | SV40
- **Maxam, Gilbert, Sanger** | sequencing is here

---

# Berg experiment

![Berg experiment](./images/berg.png)

---

# PCR

.pull-left[
![PCR1](./images/pcr1.png)
]

.pull-right[
![PCR2](./images/pcr2.png)
]

---

# DNA Sequencing is here!

![Wu, Sanger, Gilbert, Mullis](./images/wsgm.png)

---

## Thank You!

This material is the result of a collaborative work. Thanks to the [Galaxy Training Network](https://training.galaxyproject.org) and all the contributors!

<div class="contributors-line">
		
<table class="contributions">
	
	<tr>
		<td><abbr title="These people wrote the bulk of the tutorial, they may have done the analysis, built the workflow, and wrote the text themselves.">Author(s)</abbr></td>
		<td>
			<a href="/training-material/hall-of-fame/nekrut/" class="contributor-badge contributor-nekrut"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/nekrut?s=36" alt="Anton Nekrutenko avatar" width="36" class="avatar" />
    Anton Nekrutenko</a>
		</td>
	</tr>

</table>

</div>

</div>

Tutorial Content is licensed under <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.<br/>